Torrent files are normally named with the extension .torrent, as in MyFile.torrent.
Background
Typically, Internet access is asymmetrical, supporting greater download speeds than upload speeds, limiting the bandwidth of each download, and sometimes enforcing bandwidth caps and periods where systems are not accessible. This creates inefficiency when many people want to obtain the same set of files from a single source; the source must always be online and must have massive outbound bandwidth. The BitTorrent protocol addresses this by decentralizing the distribution, leveraging the ability of people to network "peer-to-peer", among themselves.Each file to be distributed is divided into very small information chunks called pieces. Downloading peers achieve rapid download speeds by requesting multiple pieces from different computers in the swarm. Once obtained, these pieces are usually immediately made available for download by others in the swarm. In this way, the burden on the network is spread among the downloaders, rather than concentrating at a central distribution hub or cluster. As long as all the pieces are available, peers (downloaders and uploaders) can come and go; no one peer needs to have all the chunks, or to even stay connected to the swarm in order for distribution to continue among the other peers.
A small torrent file is created to represent a file or folder to be shared. The torrent file acts as the key to initiating downloading of the actual content. Someone interested in receiving the shared file or folder first obtains the corresponding torrent file, either by directly downloading it, or by using a magnet link. The user then opens that file in a BitTorrent client, which automates the rest of the process. In order to learn the Internet locations of peers which may be sharing pieces, the client connects to the trackers named in the torrent file, and/or achieves a similar result through the use of distributed hash tables. Then the client connects directly to the peers in order to request pieces and otherwise participate in a swarm. The client may also report progress to trackers, to help the tracker with its peer recommendations.
When the client has all the pieces, it assembles them into a usable form. It may also continue sharing the pieces, elevating its status to that of seeder rather than ordinary peer.
File structure
A torrent file is a specially formatted binary file. It always contains a list of files, integrity metadata about all the pieces, and an optional list of trackers.A torrent file is a bencoded dictionary with the following keys:
- announce - the URL of the tracker
- info - this maps to a dictionary whose keys are dependent on whether one or more files are being shared:
- name - suggested file/directory name where the file(s) is/are to be saved
- piece length - number of bytes per piece. This is commonly 28KiB = 256 KiB = 262,144 B.
- pieces - a hash list. That is, a concatenation of each piece's SHA-1 hash. As SHA-1 returns a 160-bit hash, pieces will be a string whose length is a multiple of 160-bits.
- length - size of the file in bytes (only when one file is being shared)
- files - a list of dictionaries each corresponding to a file
(only when multiple files are being shared). Each dictionary has the
following keys:
- path - a list of strings corresponding to subdirectory names, the last of which is the actual file name
- length - size of the file in bytes.
Extensions
A torrent file can also contain additional metadata defined in extensions to the BitTorrent specification.[2] These are known as "BitTorrent Enhancement Proposals." Examples of such proposals include metadata for stating who created the torrent, and when.Draft extensions
These extensions are under consideration for standardization.Distributed hash tables
BEP-0005[3] extends BitTorrent to support distributed hash tables.A trackerless torrent dictionary does not have an announce key. Instead, a trackerless torrent has a nodes key:
{
...
'nodes': [["<host>", <port>]], ["<host>", <port>], ...]
...
}
For example,'nodes': [["127.0.0.1", 6881]], [["your.router.node", 4804]]The specification recommends that nodes "should be set to the K closest nodes in the torrent generating client's routing table. Alternatively, the key could be set to a known good node such as one operated by the person generating the torrent."
Multiple trackers
BEP-0012[4] extends BitTorrent to support multiple trackers.A new key, announce-list, is placed in the top-most list (i.e. with announce and info)
... }
HTTP seeds
BEP-0017[5] extends BitTorrent to support HTTP seeds.A new key, httpseeds, is placed in the top-most list (i.e. with announce and info). This key's value is a list of web addresses where torrent data can be retrieved:
{
...
'httpseeds': ['http://www.site1.com/source1.php', 'http://www.site2.com/source2.php']
...
}
Private torrents
BEP-0027[6] extends BitTorrent to support private torrents.A new key, private, is placed in the info dictionary. This key's value is 1 if the torrent is private:
{
...
'private': 1
...
}
Merkle trees
BEP-0030[7] extends BitTorrent to support Merkle trees.A torrent file using Merkle trees does not have a pieces key in the info list. Instead, such a torrent file has a root hash key in the info list. This key's value is the root hash of the Merkle hash:
{
...
'info': {
...
'root hash': e6bdebcc5d55da0a77f4bb1b57d88de794838577
...
}
...
}
Examples
Single file
Here is what a de-bencoded torrent file (with piece length 256 KiB = 262144 bytes) for a file debian-503-amd64-CD-1.iso (whose size is 647 MiB = 678301696 bytes) might look like:{
'announce': 'http://bttracker.debian.org:6969/announce',
'info':
{
'name': 'debian-503-amd64-CD-1.iso',
'piece length': 262144,
'length': 678301696,
'pieces': '841ae846bc5b6d7bd6e9aa3dd9e551559c82abc1...d14f1631d776008f83772ee170c42411618190a4'
}
}
Note: pieces here would be a 51 KiB value (ceil(length / piece length) * 160 = 414080 bits).Multiple files
Here is what a de-bencoded torrent file (with piece length 256 KiB = 262144 B) for two files, 111.txt and 222.txt, might look like:{
'announce': 'http://tracker.site1.com/announce',
'info':
{
'name': 'directoryName',
'piece length': 262144,
'files':
[
{'path': ['111.txt'], 'length': 111},
{'path': ['222.txt'], 'length': 222}
],
'pieces': '6a8af7eda90ba9f851831073c48ea6b7b7e9feeb...8a43d9d965a47f75488d3fb47d2c586337a20b9f'
}
}
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